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the vast mountains lived communities of fierce runaway slaves
called Maroons, who constantly harassed planters with lightning
raids on settlements and plantations.
In
a sense, modern Jamaican society began in 1838. The newly
freed slaves rapidly deserted the plantations and established
themselves as free settlers in the hills, forming hard-working,
independent peasantry which is still regarded as the backbone
of Jamaica.
 Since
the turn of the century, sugar, banana, citrus, and coffee
have become the main crops for export and the source of livelihood
for thousands. Beginning in the 1950's the mining of alumina
and bauxite - the raw ore of aluminum - have become major
contributors to the economy, along with tourism.
For
300 years as a British colony, Jamaica had a stormy political
life, with House of Assembly and vocal press providing the
outlets for the vigorous Creole politicians. But all real
decisions affecting the country were made in England, and
a vast majority of the people had neither say or representation
in national life.
Under
successful nationalist leaders in the 20th century, the country
began moving toward increasing autonomy in the running of
national affairs, culminating in full independence in 1962.
An independent country, Jamaica remains a member of the British
commonwealth of nations, with the Queen of England as titular
Head of State, or represented locally by the Governor-General
.
The
island has its own Constitution, based on inherited British
legal, religious, educational and political traditions. Jamaica
is a parliamentary democracy with an elected House of Representatives
and nominated Upper House or Senate.
There
is a well-established two-party system and vigorously contested
elections are normally held every five years. All Jamaican's
over the age of 18 years are eligible to vote.
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